Multiple
Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
|
|
|
1.
|
The blood of newborn babies is
tested to determine the presence of a certain substance. This substance indicates the genetic
disorder PKU, which may result in mental retardation. Babies born with this disorder are put on a
special diet so that mental retardation will not develop. In this situation, modification of the
baby’s diet is an example of how biological research can be used to A. | change faulty genes | C. | cure a disorder | B. | stimulate immunity | D. | control a disorder | | | | |
|
|
|
2.
|
The following diagram
represents part of what process?
A. | gel electrophoresis | C. | amniocentesis | B. | genetic engineering | D. | cell culturing | | | | |
|
|
|
3.
|
A change in the order of DNA
bases that code for a respiratory protein will most likely cause A. | the production of a starch that has a similar function | B. | a change in the sequence of amino acids determined by the
gene | C. | the release of antibodies by certain cells to correct the
error | D. | the digestion of the altered gene by enzymes | | |
|
|
|
4.
|
Some studies of identical human
twins show that their IQ, height, and talents may be different. The best explanation for these
differences is that A. | the environment interacts with genes in
the development and expression of inherited traits | B. | heredity and environment have no influence on the expression of
phenotypes | C. | the genotype of twins depends on the interaction of diet and hormone
control | D. | people are considered identical if at least half their genes are the
same | | |
|
|
|
5.
|
A medical test indicates that a
patient has a defective protein. This condition is most likely due to a change in the directions
coded in the A. | number of hydrogen atoms in starch molecules | B. | sequence of inorganic molecules | C. | number of carbon atoms in sugar molecules | D. | sequence of subunits in DNA | | |
|
|
|
6.
|
A normal bean seedling which
had the ability to synthesize chlorophyll did not produce any chlorophyll when grown in soil totally
deficient in magnesium salts. Which statement concerning this plant's inability to produce
chlorophyll is true? A. | The lack of magnesium caused a mutation of
the gene controlling chlorophyll production. | B. | The production of chlorophyll was influenced by environmental
conditions. | C. | The lack of magnesium prevented the plant's roots from absorbing
water. | D. | The production of chlorophyll was controlled solely by
heredity. | | |
|
|
|
7.
|
The nucleus is removed from a
body cell of one organism and is placed in an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. This
process, which results in the production of organisms that are genetically alike, is known as
A. | cloning | C. | biological adaptation | B. | fertilization | D. | DNA production | | | | |
|
|
|
8.
|
Which statement best describes
the result of some of the processes involved in genetic engineering? A. | They alter the arrangement of hereditary material. | B. | They provide energy for mitosis and meiosis. | C. | They are necessary for normal gamete formation. | D. | They reduce variation in organisms that reproduce asexually. | | |
|
|
|
9.
|
The coded information in a DNA
molecule directly determines the formation of A. | proteins | B. | starches | C. | sugars | D. | fats | | | | | | | | |
|
|
|
10.
|
The diagram below represents
the organization of genetic information within a cell nucleus.
The circle labeled Z most likely
represents A. | amino acids | B. | chromosomes | C. | vacuoles | D. | molecular bases | | | | | | | | |
|
|
|
11.
|
Which laboratory procedure has
made possible the development of bacteria that can synthesize human insulin? A. | amniocentesis | C. | chromatography | B. | karyotyping | D. | genetic engineering | | | | |
|
|
|
12.
|
Which organic compounds must
have their information encoded in DNA for green plants to synthesize the other three compounds?
A. | sugars | B. | starches | C. | fats | D. | proteins | | | | | | | | |
|
|
|
13.
|
Which is a technique of genetic
research in which genetic information is transferred from cells of one organism to cells of another
organism? A. | genetic engineering | C. | amniocentesis | B. | population genetics | D. | chromatography | | | | |
|
|
|
14.
|
To separate leaf pigments, a
biologist should use A. | chromatography | C. | an electronic balance | B. | dissection | D. | a dichotomous key | | | | |
|
|
|
15.
|
A sudden change in the DNA of a
chromosome can usually be passed on to future generations if the change occurs in a A. | skin cell | B. | sex cell | C. | liver cell | D. | brain cell | | | | | | | | |
|
|
|
16.
|
Although all the body cells in
an animal contain the same hereditary information, they do not all look and function the same way.
The cause of this difference is that during differentiation A. | embryonic cells use different portions of their genetic
information | B. | the number of genes increases as embryonic cells move to new
locations | C. | embryonic cells delete portions of
chromosomes | D. | genes in embryonic body cells mutate rapidly | | |
|
|
|
17.
|
The diagram below represents a
process that occurs within a cell in the human pancreas.
This process is known as A. | digestion by enzymes | C. | energy production | B. | protein synthesis | D. | replication of DNA | | | | |
|
Short
Answer
|
|
|
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Genetic engineering is a technique used by scientists to
combine or splice genetic material from different organisms. Gene splicing involves changing the
normal base sequences of DNA by removing a section of DNA and introducing another gene. This
technique may involve the use of the bacterium Escherichia coli. This bacterium has one large
chromosome and several small plasmids, which are ring-shaped pieces of DNA found in the
cytoplasm.
Genetic engineers have been able to extract plasmids from E. coli.
Restriction enzymes are then used to cut the DNA of the plasmid at designated places in the
nucleotide sequence. These same enzymes are then used to cut a section of human DNA. This section of
human DNA is then placed into the space in the cut DNA of the bacterial plasmid. The human DNA codes
for the synthesis of a product such as human growth hormone. The spliced bacterial DNA, which now
contains a piece of human DNA, is referred to as a hybrid. This hybridized plasmid is then
transplanted into E. coli. When this bacterium reproduces, the hybrid DNA will be replicated.
Offspring will possess the ability to synthesize the human growth hormone.
|
|
|
18.
|
How do genetic engineers remove
sections from human DNA for splicing into bacterial DNA?
|
|
|
19.
|
What is one benefit of gene
splicing?
|
|
|
20.
|
What is a hybrid
plasmid?
|
|
|
21.
|
Explain why it is not necessary
to continue splicing the gene for human growth hormone into E. coli once cultures of the bacteria
with the spliced gene are established.
|
|
|
22.
|
What is a bacterial
plasmid?
|
|
|
23.
|
For many years, humans have
used a variety of techniques that have influenced the genetic makeup of organisms. These techniques
have led to the production of new varieties of organisms that possess characteristics that are useful
to humans. Identify one technique presently being used to alter the genetic makeup of an
organism, and explain how humans can benefit from this change. Your answer must include at least:
- the name of
the technique used to alter the genetic makeup
- a brief description of what is involved in this
technique
-
one specific example of how this technique has been used
- a statement of how humans have benefited
from the production of this new variety of organism
|
|
|
CLUES ON AGING
Researchers appear to have found a link between the aging
of human cells and a specific human chromosome. The findings may be useful not only to the
understanding of aging but also to the study of cancer.
Normal human cells have a
limited lifespan, after which the cells undergo a process called cellular senescence, or aging, which
eventually results in a cell's death. But many animal tumor cells grow indefinitely and escape
senescence. Scientists describe those cells as "immortal." Normal cells can be made
"immortal" by exposure to chemical carcinogens, by the introduction of certain viruses, and
by the addition of some genes found in tumors.
Researchers have developed cells that were hybrids
between immortal Syrian hamster cells and normal human fetal lung cells. After a period of time, they
found that most of the hybrid cells died. The few hybrid cells that became immortal shared one
feature: they had lost copies of the human chromosome number 1. When a copy of human chromosome 1 was
introduced into the immortal hybrid cells, they began to show signs of
aging.
The linking of cellular aging to a specific chromosome suggests that
aging is genetically programmed.
|
|
|
24.
|
Using one or more complete
sentences, explain why many human tumor cells are described as immortal.
|
|
|
25.
|
Using one or more complete
sentences, describe how the researchers showed the effect of chromosome 1 on aging.
|